This can lead to dehydration, which is a significant risk factor for kidney stone formation. Alcohol consumption can have a significant impact on kidney function, particularly in relation to dehydration. The diuretic effect of alcohol leads alcohol consumption can be a double-edged sword for chronic kidney disease patients pmc to increased urine flow, which can disrupt the body’s fluid balance and electrolyte concentrations. This section explores the diuretic effect of alcohol and its implications for kidney health.
Table 2. Drinking level of alcohol and risk in males.
Ethyl alcohol and water are the main ingredients of alcohol beverages, but we cannot ignore other bioactivators in liquors, such as polyphenols. Moreover, alcohol-induced renal tubular dysfunction is also reflected in vitamin reabsorption disorders. Subramanian et al. proved that chronic alcohol consumption can significantly inhibit carrier-mediated thiamin and biotin transport across the renal brush border membrane and basolateral membrane 54,55. Diagrammatic representation of resveratrol biphasic activity and gene expression modulation. At nanomolar 124 doses, resveratrol acts as a potent antioxidant, while at micromolar (μM) range, it interacts as agonist or antagonist exhibiting cell proliferation/cytoprotective responses or cytostatic/apoptotic effects, respectively.
In addition, multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between different stages of CKD with alcohol consumption trend and other confounding factors. In this analysis, stage 1 CKD was considered a reference (the odds of stage 2 CKD prevalence versus stage 1 CKD prevalence and the odds of stage 3 and 4 CKD prevalence versus stage 1 CKD prevalence). In both regression analyses, alcohol consumption trend was evaluated with and without confounding factors (models 1 and 2). The data set did not contain laboratory data and the CKD diagnosis was dependent on the ICD-9-CM code. However, the possibility of misclassification was low, because the National Health Insurance overlays more than 97% of the Taiwan population and all of the medical records must be uploaded and then reviewed by the National Health Insurance Administration with high accuracy. Participants’ baseline characteristics, including weight, height, education, marriage status, household income, smoking, drinking, diet, and exercise habits, were self-reported, and recall bias should be concerned.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Contrarily, at physiological concentrations, resveratrol induces vasodilation, and consequently decreases hypertension and cardiovascular diseases risk 79. On the other hand, these results have also confirmed the uses of Polygonum cuspidatum as a resveratrol source to treat and to prevent hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis in traditional chinese medicine 80,81,82. Overall, the cardiovascular protective effect of resveratrol have been linked to multiple molecular targets and might be useful to the development of novel therapy for atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, ischemia/reperfusion, and heart failure 83.
- Although different studies have shown opposite results for the effects of NO and NOS activity with alcohol consumption 19,39,46,47, they came to a similar conclusion that NO and NOS play important roles in glomerular endothelial cell injury.
- In general, the proximal part of the small intestine is the main site for alcohol absorption.
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- On the other hand, resveratrol could be useful to protect health against several pathologies and ageing problems 84.
- These insights underscore the critical role of health professionals in guiding informed choices that safeguard our health and promote longevity.
6. Study Design
Therefore, the effect of ethanol on renal antioxidant capacity varies with the concentration of ethanol and the duration of stimulation. In general, ethanol causes oxidative stress-related damage in the kidneys, but sometimes, in some conditions, it also improves the antioxidant capacity of the renal cells. Unfortunately, we only know that low-concentration ethanol can improve renal antioxidant capacity, but the exact dose and period are still unclear. Pterostilbene is a methoxylated derivative of resveratrol that showed antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) superior of pterostilbene compared to resveratrol (8~16-fold). Pterostilbene anti-MRSA potency was related to bacterial membrane leakage, chaperone protein downregulation, and ribosomal protein upregulation and can be topically applied for treatment of skin MRSA infection bearing it less toxicity to mammalian cells 32. From another point of view, reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide, peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals are thought to contribute to the rapid bactericidal activity of diverse antimicrobial agents.
Potential confounding factors of alcohol consumption
Three glycosylated resveratrol analogues, piceid, piceatannol glucoside, and resveratroloside isolated from the invasive plant species Polygonum cuspidatum 19 were identified as the major antibacterial compounds 20. Glycosylated resveratrol analogues have comparable biological effects after transepitelial passage, as they can be hydrolyzed into deglycosylated forms, resveratrol in the intestine 21. However, in vitro studies have shown that the glycosylated analogues even show more powerful bioactivities.
Associated Data
While vodka itself doesn’t cause kidney stones, excessive consumption without proper hydration can increase the risk. If you’re concerned about your kidney health or have a history of kidney stones, health professionals can provide personalized guidance based on your medical history, lifestyle, and individual needs. Dehydration is a significant risk factor for kidney stone formation.3 When dehydrated, your urine becomes more concentrated due to the decreased fluid volume. This concentration increases the likelihood of minerals and salts in your urine crystallizing and forming the foundation of kidney stones. As the stones grow, they can cause pain and discomfort when moving through the urinary tract.
Table 1. Alcoholic drink equivalents.
According to the results of this study, occasional drinking as compared to nondrinking significantly increased the odds of stage 3 and 4 CKD prevalence as compared to stage 1 CKD prevalence. Second, the proteinuria detection and diagnosis of CKD can also affect the credibility of the conclusion. Although studies have proven that even a single dipstick indication of proteinuria is a significant risk for CKD and ESRD 122, a single dipstick detection can be biased by numerous confounders. In other studies, the researchers used serum creatinine or eGFR to ascertain the kidney function of patients; however, they are not ideal in many drinkers, especially in those with extremely low or high muscle mass due to chronic alcoholism 123.
- Transplant patients are still not out of the woods and need to be consistent with daily medication as well as looking after their health and drinking enough water.
- Former drinkers are mostly remarkable, as their health status may be worse, and morbidity and mortality are higher than never drinkers 27.
- Resveratrol, in addition to the above described biological activities, has been studied for its ability to inhibit the growth of some pathogenic microorganisms, such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi 100.
- Dehydrated urine tends to be more concentrated, meaning that the minerals and salts in the urine are less diluted.
Age, primary diseases, initial eGFR, and individual differences can also affect the prognosis of patients with CKD and interfere with the effects of alcohol on the kidneys 7,10,67,94. Since aging, metabolic diseases, and hypertension impair kidney function, they can also influence the effect of ethanol on the kidneys. Thus, the risk of kidney damage from alcohol increases with age, metabolic diseases, hypertension, and initial eGFR. However, Buja et al. suggested an inverse linear relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of age-related loss of renal function 90.
In this article, we’ll explore the intricate relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of kidney stones and provide you with insights to make informed choices for your kidney health. Therefore, this study adjusted the role of confounding factors along with alcohol consumption so that it was possible to more confidently and accurately assess the possible association between alcohol consumption trends and the CKD prevalence as well as various CKD stages. In this study, out of 3374 participants, 1374 (40.7%) were female and 2000 (59.3%) were male with a mean age of 49.30 ± 14.09 years and a mean eGFR of 89.31 ± 19.66 mL/min/1.73 m2. Moreover, 636 (18.9%) and 2738 (81.1%) individuals had and did not have CKD, respectively. Of the individuals with CKD, 38.4%, 40.7%, 19.5%, and 1.4% were in stages 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
We think that the enhancement of CAT activities may not come from high concentration of ethanol, but rather from the compensatory improvement of antioxidant capacity after the intervention with low-concentration ethanol in the early stage. Firstly, antioxidants exhibit a threshold effect, where excess levels may exhibit pro-oxidant properties. Yet, OBS is defined under the assumption of a linear relationship between all components and oxidative stress, and its assessment via questionnaires is prone to recall and selection biases in reporting nutrient intake. Secondly, as this study was conducted in the US population, the racial universality of our findings remains to be further validated. Thirdly, despite constructing multivariate logistic regression models and conducting subgroup and sensitivity analyses to mitigate confounding factors, residual confounding effects cannot be entirely ruled out. Lastly, as a cross-sectional study, this research cannot establish a causal relationship between OBS and CKD, highlighting the need for more prospective studies in this area.