The survey questions did not distinguish non-drinkers and former drinkers, and former drinkers were categorized as non-drinkers. Former drinkers are mostly remarkable, as their health status may be worse, and morbidity and mortality are higher than never drinkers 27. In addition, the beverage type and exact amount of alcohol consumed were not available in the dataset. The detailed differences among the three drinking groups are analyzed by the univariable and multivariable Cox model. Not only the univariable analysis, but also the non-proportionality, may affect the multivariable model.
Biological Activities of Resveratrol
Thus, Rüweler et al. 117 found that neither cytotoxic or cytostatic activities nor cytoprotective and antioxidant activities in cultured (C6 glioma) cells are indicative of a structure–activity relationship stressing the need to explore mechanisms at molecular level. Fukuhara and Miyata, firstly reported resveratrol pro-oxidant activity in a plasmid-based DNA cleavage assay, in the presence of transition metal ions, such as copper, the most redox-active metal ions present in nucleus, serum and tissues 129,130. Copper ions from chromatin can be mobilized by metal-chelating agents, giving inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation rise, a property that is considered the hallmark of cells undergoing apoptosis. Recently, resveratrol mutagenicity in plasmid DNA was reported via point mutations (deletions/substitutions), resulting in many guanine bases deletion. In fact, since copper ions are known to be found in a nucleus bound to guanine bases in chromatin, the mobilization of such endogenous copper by resveratrol result in pro-oxidant DNA cleavage at the site.
- Alcohol can not only directly damage the kidney, but also causes renal dysfunction by damaging other organs.
- Remember that all people, not just renal patients, have recommendations for restricting alcohol intake and there is nothing wrong with being the healthier one in the group.
- It is important to understand this as it encourages drinking sensibly and in moderation as there is no drink of moderation.
- Ethanol and polyphenol both have anti-oxidative effects and ethanol improves polyphenol absorption, thereby contributing to bioavailability 4,5,6.
- Oxidative stress refers to the process of cellular oxidative damage induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a crucial factor in inducing renal fibrosis (4, 5).
- For industrial purposes, resveratrol is generally obtained by chemical or biotechnological synthesis from yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4,5,6,7,8.
This study examined the association of alcohol consumption and SUA with renal function (ie, eGFR) in the general population. In addition to these direct associations, the interaction between alcohol consumption and SUA was found to be a significant and independent determinant of eGFR. This research, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to demonstrate that alcohol consumption and SUA have an interactive effect on renal dysfunction, and that alcohol consumption modifies the relationship between SUA and renal dysfunction.
Influence of sex, age, primary diseases and other confounding factors
Even more, other bioactive effects, namely as anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, phytoestrogenic and neuroprotective have also been reported. Nonetheless, resveratrol application is still being a major challenge for pharmaceutical industry, due to its poor solubility and bioavailability, as well as adverse effects. In this sense, this review summarized current data on resveratrol pharmacological alcohol consumption can be a double-edged sword for chronic kidney disease patients pmc effects.
2 Association between OBS and CKD
Therefore, excessive alcohol consumption places a major strain on the normal metabolic processes of the kidneys. For example, alcohol can induce the production of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which can result in oxidative stress in the kidneys, leading to potential renal injury resulting from hemodynamic disorders and inflammation 24–28. Apart from its cardioprotective effects, resveratrol also exerts anticarcinogenic, antiviral, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Table 1. Alcoholic drink equivalents.
Although most of the alcohol is metabolized in the liver, the kidneys are equally important in the metabolism and excretion of ethyl alcohol. Some enzymes that are necessary for ethanol metabolism, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, and CYP24A1, have been found in the kidneys 22,23. Furthermore, approximately 10% of ingested ethanol is excreted by the kidneys in its original form 21.
About the kidneys
Consequently, it is not easy to determine the exact safety range and therapeutic effectiveness of specific resveratrol doses on specific populations. In this sense, before prescribing resveratrol, patients should be properly advised for effective treatment with minimum side effects. Further evaluations are needed before declaring resveratrol as a beneficial compound for human health. Age, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking are traditional risk factors of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD 15–17.
While we know that drinking alcohol doesn’t directly impact one’s development of type 2 diabetes, drinking alcohol can have serious side effects for people who have diabetes or are prone to low blood sugar issues. Drink moderately and always be sure to eat a balanced meal if you are drinking booze, as food can mitigate the effect alcohol has on your glucose levels. Check with your doctor to ensure that you shouldn’t have any adverse reactions and that your medication will not contribute to low blood sugars while drinking alcohol.
If you fall into any of these categories, avoiding alcohol, or closely monitoring your use, may be your best bet. For kidney pain, you may start with a visit to your primary care doctor or a nephrologist—a doctor who diagnoses and treats kidney diseases. This study first examined the relationship between the confounding factors of alcohol consumption and SUA and renal function denoted by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Second, it investigates whether the interactive relationship between alcohol consumption and SUA is independently related to eGFR using cross‐sectional data from community‐dwelling persons. Sex, age, primary diseases, initial GFR, individual differences, and dietary structure can all influence the results of a study.
- A meta-analysis showed that resveratrol significantly decreased Profile of Mood States (POMS) including vigor and fatigue but had no significant effect on memory and cognitive performance 89.
- In fact, according to previous reports, alcohol consumption is a factor that may interfere with the prognosis of CKD.
- Alcohol consumption can raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration 21,22, improve insulin sensitivity 23, and reduce platelet aggregation rate and fibrinolysis 21,22.
- Pre-Dialysis patients may manage their diet and lifestyle to lengthen the health of their kidneys, dialysis patients are asked to manage diet and fluid as well as dealing with a frequent dialysis regime.
- Dehydration, often underestimated, plays a significant role in kidney stone formation.3 Our kidneys filter waste products from our blood and produce urine.
- This conflicts with the increased urine production alcohol simultaneously creates by affecting vasopressin levels, significantly increasing the stress and strain on the kidneys by forcing them to try to produce more and less urine simultaneously.
Kidney stones, intricate formations arising from minerals and salts in urine, present a complex challenge to health. These hard deposits can manifest in varying sizes and induce intense pain as they maneuver through the urinary tract. The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes.
Therefore, the use of resveratrol as an adjuvant to conventional antirheumatic agents seems to be an optimum approach. Resveratrol can also be used as a protective and/or therapeutic agent, particularly in male infertility cases caused by testicular toxicity. On the other hand, resveratrol could be useful to protect health against several pathologies and ageing problems 84. However, the comparative evaluation of animal and human studies shows that resveratrol cannot protect against metabolic diseases and their relevant complications. Nonetheless, it is important to point out that the clinical findings are influenced by many factors, such as sample size and study objectives. Till now, small sample size and high dosage levels were used to conduct most of clinical trials to assess resveratrol significance in chronic diseases 84.